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Time-out (parenting)
Time-out (also known as'' social exclusion'') is a form of behavioural modification that involves temporarily separating a child from an environment where unacceptable behavior occurred. This is decided according to the cultural standards and values of the time and place where the misbehavior has occurred with the goal of extinction of the offending behavior. It is an educational and parenting technique recommended by some pediatricians and developmental psychologists as an effective form of child discipline. Often a corner (hence the common term ''corner time'') or a similar space where the child is to stand or sit during time-outs is designated. This form of discipline is especially popular in North America.
In the UK, the punishment is often known as the naughty chair or naughty step. This term became popular in the US thanks to two reality TV series, ''Supernanny'' and ''Nanny 911''.
==History==
The concept of time-out was invented, named, and used by Arthur Staats in his extended work with his daughter (and later son), and was part of a long-term program of behavioral analysis beginning in 1958 that treated various aspects of child development. He introduced various elements that later composed foundations for applied behavior analysis and behavior therapy (the token reward system was another invention). Montrose Wolf, a graduate student assistant of Staats on several studies dealing with reading learning in preschoolers (see, for example, Staats, A.W.; Staats, C.K.; Schultz, R.E.; Wolf, M.M. "The conditioning of textual responses using 'extrinsic' reinforcers."), used that background when he went to the University of Washington where he began his creative program of research. Wolf first used Staats' time-out procedure in a 1964 published study dealing with the behavioral treatment of a child.〔(Montrose M. Wolf (1935–2004) )〕〔(''Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior'' 1962;5:33–40 ).〕
Staats described the discipline of his 2-year old daughter in 1962: "I would put her in her crib and indicate that she had to stay there until she stopped crying. If we were in a public place (her behavior was inappropriate ), I would pick her up and go outside."〔Robert Strauss, "Twenty People Who Changed Childhood," ''Child'' magazine, October 2006, pp107-110.〕 This has the effect of weakening the offending behavior so that it occurs less frequently, quickly disappearing unless the behavior has been well learned.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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